Pinhole density measurements of barriers deposited on low-k films

Evaluation of diffusion barrier integrity is an important issue in advanced interconnects. A diffusion barrier separating Cu from low-k must be as thin as possible and must not contain pinholes. We have developed a method for measuring pinhole density in diffusion barriers deposited on low-k materials. The method employs ellipsometric porosimetry for measuring diffusion of toluene in a porous low-k film beneath the barrier in question.     

New integrated buried laser-ridge modulator with identical active layer

Integrated laser modulators are attractive devices for wavelength-division-multiplexing optical systems due to their compactness, high output power, and low cost. Their fabrication simplicity is a way to decrease further the transmitter cost and address new opening markets of short range and metropolitan networks. We report a new integration scheme electroabsorption-modulator distributed feedback (DFB) laser based on well-established industrial solutions for discrete buried ridge (BRS) DFB lasers and discrete shallow ridge modulators. Processing simplification with an identical active layer has been possible due to a good behavior of strongly positively detuned BRS lasers. The integrated devices demonstrated 30-dB extinction ratio with 10-GHz bandwidth and P/sub out/=10 dBm for emission in 1.55-/spl mu/m range.     

An efficient purification method for detonation nanodiamonds

This article reports the purification process of detonation soot to obtain pure nanodiamond powder. Nanodiamonds are synthesized by detonation using a high explosive mixture composed of trinitrotoluene and hexogen. The detonation of the charge leads to a powder containing nanodiamonds as well as metallic impurities and sp² carbon species. Further, to remove metallic particles, an unusual acidic treatment (hydrofluoric/nitric acids; i.e. fluorinated aqua regia) was set up. To eliminate sp² carbon species such as graphite and amorphous carbon, a thermal oxidation treatment was performed at 420 °C under air in a furnace during several hours. Transmission Electronic Microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis showed that this purification process is very efficient. From TGA measurements, a model of the carbon grain combustion was developed by considering graphitic shells surrounding the nanodiamond particles, and was used to demonstrate that the selective oxidation of graphite was experimentally realistic. Moreover, another model was set up from specific area measurements to evaluate the thickness of the functional groups surrounding the nanodiamonds after the oxidation of sp² carbonaceous species. The treatment described herein was achieved on several tens of grams of product and could be easily adapted to the industrial scale.     

Further observation of leucocyte migration through the endothelium of venules in the posterior latissimus dorsi muscle of the quail-chick spinal cord chimeras

The migration of leucocytes through the walls of venules was examined in detail in the posterior latissimus dorsi muscle of quail-chick spinal cord chimeras, in which flaccid paralysis of the wings was observed. Examinations were made from the 70th to 80th day after hatching. Muscle fibers were degenerated and intramuscular nerve bundles destroyed. Massive leucocytes (almost lymphocytes) were found around the venules, depending on the passage of wandering leucocytes through the endothelium. Lymphocytes penetrated and were encased in the cytoplasm of the venular endothelial cell, and did not pass through the interendothelial junction. These findings suggest that, in the venules of the atrophied chimeric muscle, wandering leucocytes in the blood may pass through the endothelial cell body and migrate into the inflamed extravascular space.     

Density of 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane (HCFC 141b) as a function of temperature and pressure

The density of HCFC 141b has been measured at several temperatures between 260 and 320 K, Mid pressures up to 20 MPa, with a mechanical oscillator densimeter. The densimeter was calibrated with 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, whose density was obtained from a correlating cyuation with 0.3% uncertainty. The density data obtained for HCFC 14H) hits a reproducibility of 0.05% and an uncertainty of 0.3%. The data obtained were fitted to a Tait-type equation. which reproduced the experimental densities within 0.11 % and were compared with the data obtained in other works.Paper presented at the Twelfth Symposium on Thermophysical Properties, June 19–24, 1994, Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A.     

Acute mast cell leukemia disclosed by vasomotor flushing

INTRODUCTION: Acute mast cell leukemia is a rare and severe disease. We report herein a case associated with a flush syndrome. CASE REPORT: A 44-year-old man, presented with a flush of face and trunk. Bone marrow was infiltrated with immature mast cells. In spite of chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation the patient deceased. DISCUSSION: Pheochromocytoma, carcinoid tumor, and mastocytosis are associated with a flush syndrome. In our patient the diagnosis was an acute mast cell leukemia. Acute mast cell leukemia can follow systemic mastocytosis or occur de novo. This disease is of poor prognosis. No treatment is available.     

Tests of electric and electromagnetic methods in the travale geothermal field

Within the framework of an EEC project involving ten European laboratories, research on the application of several electric and electromagnetic methods to a geothermal field (Travale, Tuscany), has been undertaken by the B.R.G.M. The objective was to refine the conceptual model of the Travale field and, therefore, to describe the morphology of the basement (down to 2 km depth) and of the Rhaetian reservoir covered by impermeable series.The method best suited to this type of prospection appeared to be electrical dipole — dipole profiling, combined with a 2-D interpretation. Contrasts at more than 2 km depth (500 m long dipoles) could be seen and compared to the depths measured in the boreholes. The EM Melos method (Syscal equipment) should be improved (lower frequencies) to increase the depth penetration. It is, however, a good complementary method for the surface layers. An attempt at a computational interpretation of the self potential profiles gave promising results. To make full advantage of the bipole — dipole measurements efforts should be devoted to their computational interpretation.     

1.30μmDFB激光器组件的设计和制做及其工作原理

本文自行设计和制作了１．３０μｍＤＦＢ激光器组件的讨论了光隔离和光耦合原理。由于采用的激光器－光隔离器－光纤的一体化结构，大大增加了该组件的可用性。在实验中得到高达５５％的耦合效率。     

A Multicriteria Decision Support Methodology for Annual Rehabilitation Programs of Water Networks

Abstract:   This article provides an overview of a multicriteria decision support methodology for annual rehabilitation programs of water networks. A first set of criteria is formulated for the purpose of comparing and ranking rehabilitation projects. Each proposed criterion is a measure of a particular impact of the condition of a pipe. The ELECTRE TRI method is implemented for defining rehabilitation priorities . Two reference profiles are used to define the limits of three categories associated with three increasing priority levels. With these two reference profiles, applying the ELECTRE TRI method to an asset stock ( a set of pipes that are candidates for rehabilitation ) means assigning each pipe to one of six possible priority groups. A second set of criteria, based on the concept of efficiency, is proposed for comparing alternative rehabilitation programs ( subsets of the asset stock ).